Top 10 Fascinating Features of the Moon – Nature’s Brightest Celestial Companion Orbiting Our Planet

 

1. Craters

The Moon’s surface is heavily cratered because it has almost no atmosphere to protect it from meteorites and comets. 

Some craters are extremely large — e.g., the South Pole–Aitken Basin is one of the biggest in the Solar System. 

These craters tell the history of bombardment in the early Solar System.

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2. Maria (Dark “Seas”) & Highlands (Light Areas)

The darker patches visible from Earth are called “maria” (Latin for seas) — actually basaltic lava plains formed from ancient volcanic flooding. 

The lighter areas are the highlands, which are older, more heavily cratered, and composed of different materials. 

The contrast between these gives the Moon its recognizable face-like pattern.

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3. Very Low Gravity & Thin Atmosphere

Surface gravity on the Moon is about 1/6th that of Earth. 

The Moon has essentially no atmosphere, so molecules don’t collide much and there is virtually no air-resistance. 

This means e.g., astronauts can hop farther, and there’s no weathering of surface features the way Earth has.

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4. Extreme Temperature Variations

Because of no real atmosphere to buffer, temperatures swing widely: roughly +107 °C (224 °F) during lunar day and around −153 °C (−244 °F) in the lunar night. 

These extremes pose major challenges for lunar missions and settlement.

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5. Regolith – The Lunar Soil

The surface is covered by a layer of rock fragments and fine dust (regolith) created by billions of years of impacts. 

The dust particles are often sharp and abrasive; in past lunar missions they caused problems for seals, cameras and equipment. 

Since there's no weathering or plant/animal processes, the surface remains relatively unchanged over long periods.

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6. Internal Structure – Core, Mantle, Crust

The Moon has a small iron-rich inner core (solid) surrounded by a liquid outer layer; the mantle and crust lie above. 

The crust thickness differs: about 40 km on the near side and up to ~60 km on the far side. 

These differences help explain why the Moon’s two hemispheres look so different.

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7. Synchronous Rotation (“Always Same Face to Earth”)

The Moon rotates on its axis in about the same time it takes to orbit Earth — so we always see roughly the same face. 

Its “far side” remained unseen by humans until spacecraft exploration.

This locking has consequences for how terrain and geology evolve (tidal effects etc).

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8. Lack of Plate Tectonics / Limited Geological Activity

Unlike Earth, the Moon lacks large tectonic plate movement; the major features are mostly due to impacts and ancient volcanism. 

There are still “moonquakes” and evidence of the Moon contracting as it cools, causing faults/wrinkles. (Recent news: it’s shrinking a little) 

Many volcanic features are ancient and inactive for a long time.

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9. Volcanic Features & Lava Tubes

The lunar domes are shield-volcano-like structures formed by viscous lava. 

There are pits and likely lava tunnels (lava tubes) beneath the surface — potentially useful for future human habitation. 

These features hint at a once more active geological past for the Moon.

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10. Orbital & Earth-Moon System Dynamics

The Moon orbits Earth at about 384,400 km (238,600 miles) on average. 

It is slowly drifting away from Earth at a rate of roughly 3.8 cm per year. 

The Moon’s gravity and int

eraction with Earth generate tides, affect Earth’s rotation, and the system is important for Earth’s stability.

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